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# Serial Debugging — kprintf and Serial Output

## Overview

The Amiga's built-in serial port is the primary low-level debugging channel. `kprintf()` (kernel printf) and `RawPutChar()` write directly to the serial hardware, bypassing `dos.library` and working even from interrupt context or before OS initialization.

---

## `kprintf()` — Kernel Printf

`kprintf()` is a ROM debug function present in Kickstart 1.3 and later debug ROMs. It formats a string and outputs each character via `RawPutChar`.

```c
/* Prototype (exec internal, not in NDK — declare manually): */
void kprintf(const char *fmt, ...);
/* Arguments in: D1=fmt, stack args (unlike standard AmigaOS register ABI) */
```

### Calling `kprintf` from Assembly

```asm
MOVEA.L  4.W, A6            ; SysBase
LEA      _fmt_str(PC), A0   ; format string
MOVE.L   A0, -(SP)          ; push as stack argument
MOVE.L   A0, D1             ; some implementations use D1
JSR      (-$F0,A6)          ; RawDoFmt or debug rom entry
; OR for ROM debug builds:
JSR      _kprintf
```

> [!NOTE]
> `kprintf` is **not available** in standard Kickstart 3.1 release ROMs. Use `debug.lib` stubs (`dprintf`) or `RawDoFmt + RawPutChar` instead.

---

## `RawDoFmt` + `RawPutChar` — Universal Approach

This works on **all** Kickstart versions (1.2+):

```c
/* Format into a buffer and output via RawPutChar */
static void serial_putchar(UBYTE c, APTR dummy) {
    /* write directly to serial data register */
    volatile UWORD *SERDATR = (UWORD *)0xDFF018;
    volatile UWORD *SERDATW = (UWORD *)0xDFF030;
    volatile UWORD *SERDATSTAT;
    /* Wait for TBE (transmit buffer empty) */
    while (!(*SERDATR & 0x2000));
    *SERDATW = 0x0100 | c;   /* 8 bits + start bit */
}

void dbg_printf(const char *fmt, ...) {
    UBYTE buf[256];
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    /* RawDoFmt(fmt, args, putChar, buf) */
    RawDoFmt((STRPTR)fmt, &args,
             (VOID (*)())serial_putchar, buf);
    va_end(args);
}
```

Or simpler — write to the serial hardware directly:

```c
static void SerPutChar(UBYTE c) {
    while (!(*((volatile UWORD *)0xDFF018) & 0x2000)); /* wait TBE */
    *((volatile UWORD *)0xDFF030) = 0x0100 | c;
}
```

---

## `debug.lib` (SAS/C)

SAS/C ships `debug.lib` providing `dprintf`:

```c
#include <debug.h>
dprintf("mylib: Open called, name=%s\n", name);
```

Output goes to the serial port at the rate set by SERPER (default 9600 baud on startup, 115200 if set).

---

## Setting Baud Rate

```c
/* Set serial to 115200 baud (PAL, 3.546895 MHz clock): */
/* SERPER = (clock / (16 * baud)) - 1 */
/* = (3546895 / (16 * 115200)) - 1 = 0 */
volatile UWORD *SERPER = (UWORD *)0xDFF032;
*SERPER = 0x0000;   /* 115200 on PAL */
```

---

## Host-Side Capture

```bash
# macOS (USB-serial adapter):
screen /dev/cu.usbserial-XXXX 115200
# or:
stty -f /dev/cu.usbserial-XXXX 115200 raw && cat /dev/cu.usbserial-XXXX
```

MiSTer FPGA: the UART bridge is exposed on the MiSTer IO board or via the DE10-Nano UART.

---

## Decision Guide — Which Debug Output Method?

| Method | Works During... | Requires | Throughput | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| `kprintf()` | ROM init, crashes | Debug ROM or Kickstart 1.3 | Low (polled) | Kernel-level debugging |
| `RawDoFmt + RawPutChar` | Any time after exec init | exec.library only | Medium | Universal: all Kickstart versions |
| Direct `SERDAT` write | Anytime, even without OS | Nothing — bare metal | High (custom batching) | Crash handler, bootloader |
| `dprintf` (debug.lib) | Application runtime | SAS/C debug.lib | Medium | Application-level tracing |
| `serial.device` | Full OS running | serial.device open | High (interrupt-driven) | High-volume data transfer |

---

## Named Antipatterns

### 1. "The Deadly Debug Printf"

**What it looks like** — calling `printf()` or `VPrintf()` from inside a `Forbid()`/`Disable()` block:

```c
Forbid();
printf("Processing item %d\n", i);  // BROKEN — calls dos.library!
Permit();
```

**Why it fails:** `printf()` goes through `dos.library Write()` which may call `Wait()` for buffered I/O. Inside `Forbid()`, task switching is blocked — `Wait()` never returns → system deadlock. Inside `Disable()`, even worse — interrupts are off, so the system clock stops and the serial device can't transmit.

**Correct:** Use `kprintf()` or `RawDoFmt + RawPutChar` inside Forbid/Disable — both bypass dos.library entirely.

### 2. "The Baud Rate Mismatch"

**What it looks like** — the Amiga outputs at 9600 baud but the host is configured for 115200:

```bash
# Host configured for 115200
screen /dev/cu.usbserial 115200
# Output: ¥φΩ≡ƒ╤ ╚α≡α≤φσ≡ ╔╞╒ ... (garbage)
```

**Why it fails:** The Amiga's default `SERPER` value after reset is for 9600 baud (on NTSC; PAL may differ). The host-side baud rate MUST match exactly. A single bit error in the start bit cascades into every subsequent bit being wrong.

**Correct:** Set `SERPER` to a known value before output, or cycle through common baud rates on the host side (9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200) until text becomes readable.

---

## FAQ

### Why doesn't kprintf work on my Kickstart 3.1 ROM?

`kprintf()` was removed from release Kickstart ROMs starting with 2.04. It only exists in debug/test ROMs and Kickstart 1.3. For 2.0+, use `RawDoFmt + RawPutChar` or the direct hardware approach.

### Can I use the serial port without a null-modem cable?

No. The Amiga's serial port is RS-232 level (not TTL). You need a null-modem cable or a USB-serial adapter with RS-232 voltage levels. Direct connection to a USB UART (3.3V TTL) will damage the hardware.

---

## References

---

## References

- NDK39: `exec/execbase.h` — `RawDoFmt`, `RawPutChar` LVOs
- [paula_serial.md](../../01_hardware/ocs_a500/paula_serial.md) — SERPER, SERDATR, SERDATW register details
- Aminet: `debug/misc/dprintf.lha`