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doc: Intuition bootcamp — comprehensive enrichment of all subsystem articles
Transformed 8 stub articles (720 lines total) into full bootcamp-grade references (5,100+ lines) with architecture diagrams, complete code examples, struct field references, pitfalls, and best practices. IDCMP (idcmp.md — 1,060 lines): - IntuiMessage field reference with types, sizes, value ranges - Use-case cookbook: double-click, rubber-band, multi-signal, BOOPSI - When to use IDCMP vs alternatives (decision flowchart) - 5 named antipatterns with WRONG/RIGHT code - Memory safety checklist and defensive event loop template - Cross-platform comparison table (Win32, X11, Cocoa, Qt) Input Events (input_events.md — 850 lines): - Event class routing and QoS analysis (priority-as-QoS hierarchy) - Intuition consumption table (what survives the handler chain) - lowlevel.library bypass for CD32/game input - Latency analysis with pipeline timing budget (68000 vs 68040) - Input strategy comparison (IDCMP vs handler vs direct hardware) - Game input patterns: direct HW polling, CIA keyboard, hybrid handler - Signal pattern for proper handler→application communication Windows (windows.md — 370 lines): - Window anatomy diagram, WA_ tag reference tables - Refresh modes comparison (Simple/Smart/SuperBitMap) - Window types: standard, backdrop, borderless, GimmeZeroZero - Coordinate system, border offsets, struct Window fields - Modification API (move, resize, title, busy pointer) Gadgets (gadgets.md — 403 lines): - Three-generation evolution (raw/GadTools/BOOPSI) - Complete GadTools lifecycle with setup, creation, events, cleanup - Runtime state updates (GadTools vs raw Intuition) - Raw struct Gadget: GFLG_*, GACT_*, GTYP_* flag tables - Proportional and string gadget internals BOOPSI (boopsi.md — 505 lines): - Class hierarchy Mermaid diagram - Method dispatch sequence diagram - ICA interconnection architecture (icclass, modelclass, ICTARGET_IDCMP) - Full custom gadget class tutorial (4 steps with complete code) - Built-in class reference table - C++/Qt analog comparison table Menus (menus.md — 378 lines): - Menu hierarchy diagram (Menu → Item → Sub-Item) - GadTools NewMenu workflow with field reference - Event handling with multi-select chain walking - Checkmark/mutual exclusion, sub-menus, dynamic modification - Keyboard shortcut system (single-char and NM_COMMANDSTRING) Requesters (requesters.md — 370 lines): - EasyRequest return value logic table - ASL file requester with multi-select and full tag reference - ASL font and screenmode requesters - Non-blocking BuildEasyRequest/SysReqHandler pattern - Requester state persistence IntuitionBase (intuition_base.md — 267 lines): - Library version table (OS 1.2 through 3.2.x) - Struct field reference with safety annotations - ViewLord architecture diagram - LockIBase vs Forbid/Permit guidance - Complete library function overview (5 categories) README index updated with enriched article descriptions.
This commit is contained in:
Ilia Sharin
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[← Home](../README.md) · [Intuition](README.md)
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# Windows — OpenWindow, IDCMP, WA_ Tags
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# Windows
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## Overview
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## What Is a Window?
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A **Window** is a rectangular region on a Screen where an application renders and receives input. Windows are managed by Intuition and provide title bars, borders, close/zoom/depth gadgets, sizing, and IDCMP message delivery.
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A window is Intuition's fundamental unit of user interaction. Every GUI element — gadgets, menus, text, graphics — lives inside a window. A window belongs to exactly one [screen](screens.md), receives user input through [IDCMP](idcmp.md), and is managed by the system's layered display architecture.
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Unlike modern windowing systems where windows are heavyweight objects backed by compositor surfaces, Amiga windows are **lightweight wrappers around Layers** — the graphics.library's clipping and damage-tracking mechanism. This is why a 7 MHz 68000 can manage dozens of overlapping windows smoothly.
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---
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## Opening a Window (OS 2.0+)
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## Window Anatomy
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```mermaid
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graph TB
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subgraph "Window Structure"
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TITLE["Title Bar (drag area)"]
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CLOSE["×"]
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DEPTH["⊡"]
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ZOOM["□"]
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BORDER_L["Left Border"]
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CONTENT["Content Area<br/>(your drawing region)"]
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BORDER_R["Right Border"]
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SIZE["Size Gadget ◢"]
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BOTTOM["Bottom Border"]
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end
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style TITLE fill:#e8f4fd,stroke:#2196f3,color:#333
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style CONTENT fill:#fff,stroke:#bdbdbd,color:#333
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style CLOSE fill:#ffebee,stroke:#f44336,color:#333
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style DEPTH fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#4caf50,color:#333
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style SIZE fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#ff9800,color:#333
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```
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| Element | System Gadget | Purpose |
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|---|---|---|
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| **Close** | `WFLG_CLOSEGADGET` | Sends `IDCMP_CLOSEWINDOW` |
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| **Depth** | `WFLG_DEPTHGADGET` | Moves window front/back |
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| **Zoom** | `WFLG_HASZOOM` (OS 2.0+) | Toggles between two sizes |
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| **Drag Bar** | `WFLG_DRAGBAR` | User drags the window |
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| **Size** | `WFLG_SIZEGADGET` | Resize handle (bottom-right) |
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| **Borders** | Automatic | Visual frame; width depends on screen resolution |
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---
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## Opening a Window
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### Modern Pattern (OS 2.0+ TagList)
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```c
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struct Window *win = OpenWindowTags(NULL,
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WA_Left, 50,
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WA_Top, 30,
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WA_Width, 400,
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WA_Height, 200,
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WA_Title, "My Window",
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WA_Flags, WFLG_CLOSEGADGET | WFLG_DRAGBAR | WFLG_DEPTHGADGET |
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WFLG_SIZEGADGET | WFLG_ACTIVATE | WFLG_GIMMEZEROZERO,
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WA_IDCMP, IDCMP_CLOSEWINDOW | IDCMP_MOUSEBUTTONS | IDCMP_VANILLAKEY,
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WA_CustomScreen, myScreen,
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WA_Left, 100,
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WA_Top, 50,
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WA_InnerWidth, 400, /* Content area width */
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WA_InnerHeight, 300, /* Content area height */
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WA_Title, "My Window",
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WA_ScreenTitle, "Status bar text when this window is active",
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WA_IDCMP, IDCMP_CLOSEWINDOW | IDCMP_GADGETUP |
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IDCMP_RAWKEY | IDCMP_NEWSIZE,
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WA_Flags, WFLG_CLOSEGADGET | WFLG_DRAGBAR |
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WFLG_DEPTHGADGET | WFLG_SIZEGADGET |
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WFLG_ACTIVATE | WFLG_SMART_REFRESH,
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WA_MinWidth, 200,
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WA_MinHeight, 100,
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WA_MaxWidth, -1, /* No maximum (screen width) */
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WA_MaxHeight, -1, /* No maximum (screen height) */
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WA_PubScreen, NULL, /* Default public screen (Workbench) */
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TAG_DONE);
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if (!win) { /* Handle failure — screen may be locked or out of memory */ }
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```
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### Common WA_ Tags
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| Tag | Description |
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|---|---|
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| `WA_Left`, `WA_Top` | Position |
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| `WA_Width`, `WA_Height` | Size |
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| `WA_MinWidth`, `WA_MaxWidth` | Size limits |
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| `WA_Title` | Window title string |
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| `WA_Flags` | `WFLG_*` flags |
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| `WA_IDCMP` | IDCMP class mask |
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| `WA_CustomScreen` | Screen to open on |
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| `WA_PubScreen` | Public screen to open on |
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| `WA_SuperBitMap` | Use super-bitmap scrolling |
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| `WA_Gadgets` | First gadget in chain |
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| `WA_Checkmark` | Custom checkmark image |
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| `WA_Borderless` | No borders |
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---
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## Window Flags (`WFLG_*`)
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### Legacy Pattern (struct NewWindow)
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```c
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#define WFLG_SIZEGADGET (1<<0)
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#define WFLG_DRAGBAR (1<<1)
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#define WFLG_DEPTHGADGET (1<<2)
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#define WFLG_CLOSEGADGET (1<<3)
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#define WFLG_SIZEBRIGHT (1<<4) /* right-side sizing */
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#define WFLG_SIZEBBOTTOM (1<<5)
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#define WFLG_SMART_REFRESH (0) /* refresh type */
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#define WFLG_SIMPLE_REFRESH (1<<6)
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#define WFLG_SUPER_BITMAP (1<<7)
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#define WFLG_BACKDROP (1<<8)
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#define WFLG_REPORTMOUSE (1<<9)
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#define WFLG_GIMMEZEROZERO (1<<10) /* inner area starts at 0,0 */
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#define WFLG_BORDERLESS (1<<11)
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#define WFLG_ACTIVATE (1<<12)
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#define WFLG_RMBTRAP (1<<16) /* trap right-button clicks */
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#define WFLG_NOCAREREFRESH (1<<17)
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/* Pre-OS 2.0 — avoid in new code */
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struct NewWindow nw = {
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100, 50, 400, 300, /* Left, Top, Width, Height */
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0, 1, /* DetailPen, BlockPen */
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IDCMP_CLOSEWINDOW, /* IDCMPFlags */
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WFLG_CLOSEGADGET | WFLG_DRAGBAR | WFLG_ACTIVATE,
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NULL, NULL, /* FirstGadget, CheckMark */
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"My Window", /* Title */
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NULL, NULL, /* Screen, BitMap */
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200, 100, -1, -1, /* Min/Max Width/Height */
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WBENCHSCREEN /* Type */
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};
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struct Window *win = OpenWindow(&nw);
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```
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---
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## Event Loop
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## Common WA_ Tags
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### Position and Size
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| Tag | Type | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `WA_Left`, `WA_Top` | `WORD` | Window position (outer edge) |
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| `WA_Width`, `WA_Height` | `WORD` | Total window size (including borders) |
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| `WA_InnerWidth`, `WA_InnerHeight` | `WORD` | Content area size (excluding borders) — preferred |
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| `WA_MinWidth`, `WA_MinHeight` | `WORD` | Minimum resize dimensions |
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| `WA_MaxWidth`, `WA_MaxHeight` | `WORD` | Maximum resize dimensions; `-1` = screen size |
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| `WA_Zoom` | `WORD[4]` | Alternate position/size for zoom gadget |
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### Appearance
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| Tag | Type | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `WA_Title` | `STRPTR` | Title bar text |
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| `WA_ScreenTitle` | `STRPTR` | Screen title shown when this window is active |
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| `WA_Borderless` | `BOOL` | No borders or system gadgets |
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| `WA_GimmeZeroZero` | `BOOL` | Inner content area starts at (0,0) — adds extra layer |
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| `WA_NoCareRefresh` | `BOOL` | Ignore REFRESHWINDOW — Intuition handles it (may cause glitches) |
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### Screen Placement
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| Tag | Type | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `WA_PubScreen` | `struct Screen *` | Open on a public screen (`NULL` = default/Workbench) |
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| `WA_CustomScreen` | `struct Screen *` | Open on a custom (private) screen |
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| `WA_PubScreenName` | `STRPTR` | Open on named public screen; falls back to default |
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| `WA_PubScreenFallBack` | `BOOL` | If named screen unavailable, use default |
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### Behavior
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| Tag | Type | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `WA_Activate` | `BOOL` | Window becomes active immediately on open |
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| `WA_Backdrop` | `BOOL` | Always stays behind all normal windows |
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| `WA_SmartRefresh` | `BOOL` | Intuition saves obscured content automatically |
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| `WA_SimpleRefresh` | `BOOL` | Application must redraw on expose (less memory) |
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| `WA_SuperBitMap` | `struct BitMap *` | Application provides full off-screen buffer |
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| `WA_AutoAdjust` | `BOOL` | Auto-adjust position/size to fit screen |
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| `WA_NewLookMenus` | `BOOL` | OS 3.0+ 3D menu appearance |
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---
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## Refresh Modes
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How Intuition handles window content when areas are obscured and then revealed:
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| Mode | Flag | Memory Cost | App Responsibility | Best For |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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| **Simple Refresh** | `WFLG_SIMPLE_REFRESH` | Lowest | Must handle `IDCMP_REFRESHWINDOW` — redraw exposed areas | Text editors, games (redraw every frame anyway) |
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| **Smart Refresh** | `WFLG_SMART_REFRESH` | Medium | Intuition saves/restores obscured areas automatically | Most applications — recommended default |
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| **SuperBitMap** | `WFLG_SUPER_BITMAP` | Highest | Application provides full-size `BitMap`; Intuition copies from it | CAD, paint programs with large canvases |
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### Simple Refresh Handler
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```c
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case IDCMP_REFRESHWINDOW:
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BeginRefresh(win);
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/* Redraw only the damaged region — clipping is set automatically */
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RedrawWindowContents(win);
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EndRefresh(win, TRUE); /* TRUE = damage fully repaired */
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break;
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```
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### Smart Refresh Memory Cost
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Smart Refresh allocates off-screen buffers proportional to the **obscured area**. If a 640×400 window is 50% covered by other windows, Smart Refresh consumes ~128 KB (at 4 bitplanes). On a 512 KB A500, this is significant.
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---
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## Window Types
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### Standard Window
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The default — has borders, title bar, and system gadgets:
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```c
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WA_Flags, WFLG_CLOSEGADGET | WFLG_DRAGBAR |
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WFLG_DEPTHGADGET | WFLG_SIZEGADGET | WFLG_ACTIVATE,
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```
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### Backdrop Window
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Stays behind all other windows. Commonly used for:
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- Desktop manager backgrounds
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- Full-screen applications that want to coexist with Workbench windows
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```c
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WA_Flags, WFLG_BACKDROP | WFLG_BORDERLESS | WFLG_ACTIVATE,
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WA_IDCMP, IDCMP_MOUSEBUTTONS | IDCMP_RAWKEY,
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```
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### Borderless Window
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No system gadgets or decorations — the application draws everything:
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```c
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WA_Borderless, TRUE,
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WA_Flags, WFLG_ACTIVATE | WFLG_RMBTRAP, /* Trap right-click too */
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```
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### GimmeZeroZero Window
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Creates a separate layer for window borders. The content area's `RastPort` starts at (0,0) regardless of border width:
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```c
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WA_Flags, WFLG_GIMMEZEROZERO | WFLG_CLOSEGADGET | WFLG_DRAGBAR,
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```
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**Trade-off**: Uses an extra layer (memory + blitter operations) but simplifies rendering code since you don't need to account for border offsets.
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### Sizing Constraints
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```c
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WA_MinWidth, 200,
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WA_MinHeight, 100,
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WA_MaxWidth, -1, /* Screen width */
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WA_MaxHeight, -1, /* Screen height */
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WA_SizeGadget, TRUE,
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WA_SizeBRight, TRUE, /* Size gadget on right border */
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WA_SizeBBottom, TRUE, /* Size gadget on bottom border */
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```
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---
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## Window Coordinates
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### Border Offsets
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The content area does NOT start at (0,0) in a normal window. You must account for borders:
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```c
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WORD contentLeft = win->BorderLeft;
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WORD contentTop = win->BorderTop;
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WORD contentWidth = win->Width - win->BorderLeft - win->BorderRight;
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WORD contentHeight = win->Height - win->BorderTop - win->BorderBottom;
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/* Draw at content origin */
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Move(win->RPort, contentLeft, contentTop + baseline);
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Text(win->RPort, "Hello", 5);
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```
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With `WFLG_GIMMEZEROZERO`, the window provides a separate `GZZWidth`/`GZZHeight` and a content `RastPort` where (0,0) is the content origin.
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---
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## Closing a Window
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### Simple Case
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```c
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BOOL running = TRUE;
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while (running) {
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WaitPort(win->UserPort);
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struct IntuiMessage *imsg;
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while ((imsg = (struct IntuiMessage *)GetMsg(win->UserPort))) {
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switch (imsg->Class) {
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case IDCMP_CLOSEWINDOW:
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running = FALSE;
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break;
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case IDCMP_VANILLAKEY:
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Printf("Key: %lc\n", imsg->Code);
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break;
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}
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ReplyMsg((struct Message *)imsg);
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}
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}
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CloseWindow(win);
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```
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### Safe Shutdown (Drain Messages First)
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```c
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/* Drain any pending IDCMP messages */
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struct IntuiMessage *msg;
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while ((msg = (struct IntuiMessage *)GetMsg(win->UserPort)))
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ReplyMsg((struct Message *)msg);
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CloseWindow(win);
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```
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### With Shared Port
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See [IDCMP — Multi-Window Shared Port](idcmp.md#multi-window-shared-port) for the full `Forbid()`/strip/detach protocol.
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---
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## Modifying a Window
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### Move and Resize
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```c
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MoveWindow(win, deltaX, deltaY); /* Relative move */
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SizeWindow(win, deltaWidth, deltaHeight); /* Relative resize */
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ChangeWindowBox(win, left, top, w, h); /* Absolute reposition + resize */
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WindowToFront(win);
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WindowToBack(win);
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ActivateWindow(win);
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```
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### Change Title
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```c
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SetWindowTitles(win, "New Title", "New Screen Title");
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/* Pass (UBYTE *)-1 to leave unchanged */
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SetWindowTitles(win, "New Title", (UBYTE *)-1);
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```
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### Busy Pointer
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```c
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/* OS 3.0+ — show busy pointer */
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SetWindowPointer(win, WA_BusyPointer, TRUE, TAG_DONE);
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/* Restore normal pointer */
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SetWindowPointer(win, WA_Pointer, NULL, TAG_DONE);
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```
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---
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## struct Window — Key Fields
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| Field | Type | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `LeftEdge`, `TopEdge` | `WORD` | Position on screen |
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| `Width`, `Height` | `WORD` | Total size (including borders) |
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| `BorderLeft/Right/Top/Bottom` | `BYTE` | Border thickness (pixels) |
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| `RPort` | `struct RastPort *` | Drawing context for this window |
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| `UserPort` | `struct MsgPort *` | IDCMP message port |
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| `IDCMPFlags` | `ULONG` | Currently active IDCMP flags |
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| `Flags` | `ULONG` | Window flags (`WFLG_*`) |
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| `Title` | `UBYTE *` | Title string |
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| `WScreen` | `struct Screen *` | Screen this window belongs to |
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| `FirstGadget` | `struct Gadget *` | Head of gadget list |
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| `MouseX`, `MouseY` | `WORD` | Current mouse position (relative to window) |
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| `GZZWidth`, `GZZHeight` | `WORD` | Inner dimensions (GimmeZeroZero only) |
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| `MinWidth/Height`, `MaxWidth/Height` | `WORD` | Size constraints |
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---
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## Pitfalls
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### 1. Using WA_Width Instead of WA_InnerWidth
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`WA_Width` includes borders. On different screen resolutions, border width varies. Always use `WA_InnerWidth`/`WA_InnerHeight` for predictable content area sizing.
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### 2. Drawing Outside Content Area
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Drawing at (0,0) in a non-GZZ window overwrites the border:
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```c
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/* WRONG — draws over title bar */
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Move(win->RPort, 0, 10);
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/* CORRECT — offset by borders */
|
||||
Move(win->RPort, win->BorderLeft, win->BorderTop + 10);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Forgetting MinWidth/MinHeight
|
||||
|
||||
Without size constraints, users can resize the window to 1×1 pixel, causing division-by-zero in layout code.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Not Handling NEWSIZE
|
||||
|
||||
If your window is resizable, you must redraw content when `IDCMP_NEWSIZE` arrives — the old content is clipped or garbage.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Opening on a Closed Screen
|
||||
|
||||
If you cache a screen pointer and it becomes invalid, `OpenWindowTags()` will crash. Always `LockPubScreen()` → open window → `UnlockPubScreen()`.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Use `WA_InnerWidth`/`WA_InnerHeight`** for predictable content dimensions
|
||||
2. **Use Smart Refresh** unless you have a specific reason not to
|
||||
3. **Always set `WA_MinWidth`/`WA_MinHeight`** for resizable windows
|
||||
4. **Handle `IDCMP_NEWSIZE`** — recalculate and redraw layout
|
||||
5. **Use `WA_PubScreen, NULL`** to open on the default public screen
|
||||
6. **Drain IDCMP messages** before calling `CloseWindow()`
|
||||
7. **Show a busy pointer** during long operations — it prevents user confusion
|
||||
8. **Use `WA_AutoAdjust, TRUE`** to handle cases where the window doesn't fit the screen
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
- NDK39: `intuition/intuition.h`
|
||||
- ADCD 2.1: `OpenWindowTagList`, `CloseWindow`
|
||||
- [idcmp.md](idcmp.md) — IDCMP message classes
|
||||
- NDK 3.9: `intuition/intuition.h`, `intuition/screens.h`
|
||||
- ADCD 2.1: `OpenWindowTagList()`, `CloseWindow()`, `ModifyIDCMP()`
|
||||
- AmigaOS Reference Manual (RKRM): Libraries, Chapter 4 — Intuition Windows
|
||||
- See also: [IDCMP](idcmp.md), [Screens](screens.md), [Gadgets](gadgets.md)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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