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docs(amiga): complete AmigaOS 3.1/3.2 developer reference — 172 files across 17 sections
Comprehensive technical documentation covering: - Hardware: OCS/ECS/AGA custom chip registers, Copper & Blitter deep dives - Boot sequence: cold boot through startup-sequence - Binary format: HUNK executable spec, relocation, debug info - Linking & ABI: .fd files, LVO tables, register calling conventions - Exec kernel: tasks, interrupts, memory, signals, semaphores - AmigaDOS: file I/O, FFS/OFS layout, CLI/Shell scripting - Graphics: planar bitmaps, Copper programming, HAM/EHB modes - Intuition: screens, windows, IDCMP, BOOPSI - Devices: trackdisk, SCSI, serial, timer, audio, keyboard - Libraries: utility, expansion, IFFParse, locale, ARexx - Networking: bsdsocket API, SANA-II, TCP/IP stack comparison - Toolchain: GCC, vasm/vlink, SAS/C, NDK, debugging - Reverse engineering: IDA/Ghidra setup, compiler fingerprints, case studies - CPU & MMU: 68040/060 emulation libs, PMMU, cache management - Driver development: SANA-II, Picasso96/RTG, AHI audio All files include breadcrumb navigation. No local paths or proprietary content.
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08_graphics/blitter_programming.md
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08_graphics/blitter_programming.md
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[← Home](../README.md) · [Graphics](README.md)
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# Blitter Programming — Deep Dive
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## Overview
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The **Blitter** (Block Image Transfer) is a DMA engine that performs raster operations on rectangular blocks of memory. It operates on up to **4 channels** (A, B, C → D) using programmable **minterm logic** and can work independently of the CPU. The Blitter is the workhorse for screen clearing, scrolling, cookie-cut sprites, line drawing, and area fill.
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---
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## Channel Architecture
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```
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Channel A ──→ ┐
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Channel B ──→ ├──→ Minterm Logic ──→ Channel D (output)
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Channel C ──→ ┘
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A = mask/pattern (e.g., cookie shape, font glyph)
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B = source image data
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C = background / destination read-back
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D = output destination
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```
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Each channel reads (or writes, for D) from a different memory pointer with independent modulo.
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---
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## Minterm Logic
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The minterm is an **8-bit truth table** encoding the logical function of A, B, C:
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```
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Bit 7: ABC = 111 → bit value
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Bit 6: ABC = 110 → bit value
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Bit 5: ABC = 101 → bit value
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Bit 4: ABC = 100 → bit value
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Bit 3: ABC = 011 → bit value
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Bit 2: ABC = 010 → bit value
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Bit 1: ABC = 001 → bit value
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Bit 0: ABC = 000 → bit value
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```
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### Common Minterms
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| Minterm | Hex | Operation | Use Case |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| `D = A` | `$F0` | Copy A to D | Simple block copy |
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| `D = B` | `$CC` | Copy B to D | Simple block copy |
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| `D = C` | `$AA` | Copy C to D | Read-back |
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| `D = A·B + (¬A)·C` | `$CA` | Cookie-cut | Masked sprite blit (B through A mask onto C) |
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| `D = 0` | `$00` | Clear | Clear a memory region |
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| `D = $FFFF` | `$FF` | Set all | Fill with 1s |
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| `D = A XOR C` | `$5A` | XOR | Cursor blink, highlight |
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| `D = A OR C` | `$FA` | OR | Overlay |
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| `D = ¬A AND C` | `$0A` | Mask out | Erase through mask |
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| `D = A·B` | `$C0` | AND (A,B) | Masked pattern |
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### Cookie-Cut Explained
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```
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A = mask (1 = sprite pixel, 0 = transparent)
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B = sprite image data
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C = background
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D = result
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Minterm $CA:
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Where A=1: D = B (show sprite)
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Where A=0: D = C (show background)
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```
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---
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## Register Reference
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| Reg | Offset | Description |
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|---|---|---|
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| `BLTCON0` | `$040` | Control: channels enabled (bits 11–8), ASH (bits 15–12), minterm (bits 7–0) |
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| `BLTCON1` | `$042` | Control: BSH (bits 15–12), line mode (bit 0), fill mode (bits 3–2) |
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| `BLTAFWM` | `$044` | First word mask for channel A |
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| `BLTALWM` | `$046` | Last word mask for channel A |
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| `BLTAPT` | `$050` | Channel A pointer (high+low) |
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| `BLTBPT` | `$04C` | Channel B pointer |
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| `BLTCPT` | `$048` | Channel C pointer |
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| `BLTDPT` | `$054` | Channel D pointer |
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| `BLTAMOD` | `$064` | Channel A modulo |
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| `BLTBMOD` | `$062` | Channel B modulo |
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| `BLTCMOD` | `$060` | Channel C modulo |
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| `BLTDMOD` | `$066` | Channel D modulo |
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| `BLTSIZE` | `$058` | Blit size + START (write triggers blit) |
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### BLTCON0 Encoding
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```
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Bits 15–12: ASH (A shift, 0–15 pixels)
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Bit 11: USEA (enable channel A)
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Bit 10: USEB (enable channel B)
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Bit 9: USEC (enable channel C)
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Bit 8: USED (enable channel D, almost always 1)
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Bits 7–0: Minterm
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```
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### BLTSIZE Encoding (OCS/ECS)
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```
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Bits 15–6: Height in lines (1–1024, 0 means 1024)
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Bits 5–0: Width in words (1–64, 0 means 64)
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```
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**Writing BLTSIZE starts the blit!**
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---
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## Complete Examples
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### Example 1: Clear Screen (320×256, 1 bitplane)
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```asm
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lea $DFF000,a5
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; Wait for blitter idle:
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.bwait:
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btst #14,$002(a5) ; DMACONR bit 14 = BBUSY
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bne.s .bwait
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; D channel only, minterm $00 (clear):
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move.l #$01000000,$040(a5) ; BLTCON0: USED=1, minterm=$00
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clr.w $042(a5) ; BLTCON1: 0
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move.l #ScreenMem,$054(a5) ; BLTDPT
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clr.w $066(a5) ; BLTDMOD: 0 (contiguous)
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move.w #(256<<6)|20,$058(a5) ; BLTSIZE: 256 lines × 20 words (320/16)
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; Blit is now running!
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```
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### Example 2: Block Copy (No Shift)
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```asm
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; Copy 64×64 pixel block from source to dest (1 bitplane)
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; Source and dest are in contiguous bitmap, 320 pixels wide
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; Width = 64 pixels = 4 words
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; Modulo = (320 - 64) / 16 = 16 words = 32 bytes
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lea $DFF000,a5
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.bwait:
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btst #14,$002(a5)
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bne.s .bwait
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move.l #$09F00000,$040(a5) ; BLTCON0: USEA+USED, minterm=$F0 (A→D)
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clr.w $042(a5) ; BLTCON1
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move.w #$FFFF,$044(a5) ; BLTAFWM = all bits
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move.w #$FFFF,$046(a5) ; BLTALWM = all bits
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move.l #SourceAddr,$050(a5) ; BLTAPT
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move.l #DestAddr,$054(a5) ; BLTDPT
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move.w #32,$064(a5) ; BLTAMOD = 32 bytes
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move.w #32,$066(a5) ; BLTDMOD = 32 bytes
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move.w #(64<<6)|4,$058(a5) ; BLTSIZE: 64 lines × 4 words → GO!
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```
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### Example 3: Cookie-Cut Blit (Masked Sprite)
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```asm
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; Blit a 16×16 masked sprite onto background
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; A = mask, B = sprite data, C = background, D = destination
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lea $DFF000,a5
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.bwait:
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btst #14,$002(a5)
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bne.s .bwait
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move.l #$0FCA0000,$040(a5) ; BLTCON0: A+B+C+D, minterm=$CA
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clr.w $042(a5) ; BLTCON1
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move.w #$FFFF,$044(a5) ; BLTAFWM
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move.w #$FFFF,$046(a5) ; BLTALWM
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move.l #MaskData,$050(a5) ; BLTAPT = mask
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move.l #SpriteData,$04C(a5) ; BLTBPT = sprite imagery
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move.l #ScreenPos,$048(a5) ; BLTCPT = background (read-back)
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move.l #ScreenPos,$054(a5) ; BLTDPT = same as C (overwrite)
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clr.w $064(a5) ; BLTAMOD = 0 (mask is 16px = 1 word wide)
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clr.w $062(a5) ; BLTBMOD = 0
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move.w #38,$060(a5) ; BLTCMOD = (320-16)/8 = 38 bytes
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move.w #38,$066(a5) ; BLTDMOD = 38
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move.w #(16<<6)|1,$058(a5) ; BLTSIZE: 16 lines × 1 word → GO!
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```
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### Example 4: Line Drawing
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```asm
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; Draw a line from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2) using blitter line mode
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; This is complex — blitter line mode uses a Bresenham-style algorithm
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; implemented in hardware
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; BLTCON1 bit 0 = LINE mode
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; Channel A = single word (texture pattern)
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; Channel C/D = destination bitmap
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; See HRM for the full algorithm; here's the concept:
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move.l #$0B4A0000,$040(a5) ; BLTCON0: A+C+D, minterm=$4A (XOR), ASH=dx
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move.w #$0001,$042(a5) ; BLTCON1: LINE=1, octant bits set per slope
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move.w #$8000,$074(a5) ; BLTADAT: single pixel pattern
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move.w #$FFFF,$044(a5) ; BLTAFWM
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move.l #StartPos,$048(a5) ; BLTCPT: line start position in bitmap
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move.l #StartPos,$054(a5) ; BLTDPT: same
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move.w #Modulo,$060(a5) ; BLTCMOD
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move.w #Modulo,$066(a5) ; BLTDMOD
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move.w #(len<<6)|2,$058(a5) ; BLTSIZE: length × 2 → GO!
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```
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---
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## System-Friendly Blitter (via graphics.library)
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```c
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/* BltBitMap — the safe, OS-friendly way: */
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BltBitMap(srcBitmap, srcX, srcY,
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dstBitmap, dstX, dstY,
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width, height,
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0xC0, /* minterm: A AND B */
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0xFF, /* all planes */
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NULL); /* temp buffer */
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/* BltMaskBitMapRastPort — cookie-cut with mask: */
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BltMaskBitMapRastPort(srcBM, srcX, srcY,
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rp, dstX, dstY,
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width, height,
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(ABC | ABNC | ANBC), /* minterm for cookie */
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maskPlane);
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/* BltClear — fast memory clear: */
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BltClear(memory, byteCount, 0);
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/* OwnBlitter / DisownBlitter — exclusive access: */
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OwnBlitter(); /* wait for and lock blitter */
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/* ... direct register programming ... */
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DisownBlitter(); /* release */
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```
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---
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## Performance Notes
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| Operation | Speed |
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| Word copy | 4 DMA cycles per word (1 µs at 3.58 MHz) |
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| Full 320×256 clear | ~1280 µs (~1.3 ms) |
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| Cookie-cut blit | 4 channels = 4 cycles/word (same as copy) |
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| CPU vs blitter | Blitter wins for moves > ~40 words |
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| Nasty mode | `BLTPRI` in DMACON: blitter gets priority, CPU stalls |
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---
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## References
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- HRM: *Blitter* chapter — complete register descriptions
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- `01_hardware/ocs_a500/blitter.md` — hardware reference
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- `08_graphics/blitter.md` — graphics.library BltBitMap API
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