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docs(amiga): complete AmigaOS 3.1/3.2 developer reference — 172 files across 17 sections
Comprehensive technical documentation covering: - Hardware: OCS/ECS/AGA custom chip registers, Copper & Blitter deep dives - Boot sequence: cold boot through startup-sequence - Binary format: HUNK executable spec, relocation, debug info - Linking & ABI: .fd files, LVO tables, register calling conventions - Exec kernel: tasks, interrupts, memory, signals, semaphores - AmigaDOS: file I/O, FFS/OFS layout, CLI/Shell scripting - Graphics: planar bitmaps, Copper programming, HAM/EHB modes - Intuition: screens, windows, IDCMP, BOOPSI - Devices: trackdisk, SCSI, serial, timer, audio, keyboard - Libraries: utility, expansion, IFFParse, locale, ARexx - Networking: bsdsocket API, SANA-II, TCP/IP stack comparison - Toolchain: GCC, vasm/vlink, SAS/C, NDK, debugging - Reverse engineering: IDA/Ghidra setup, compiler fingerprints, case studies - CPU & MMU: 68040/060 emulation libs, PMMU, cache management - Driver development: SANA-II, Picasso96/RTG, AHI audio All files include breadcrumb navigation. No local paths or proprietary content.
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46
00_overview/hardware_models.md
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00_overview/hardware_models.md
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[← Home](../README.md) · [Overview](README.md)
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# Amiga Hardware Models Reference
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## Model Specification Table
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| Model | Year | CPU | MHz | Chipset | Chip RAM | ROM | Expansion |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| A1000 | 1985 | 68000 | 7.14 | OCS | 256 KB | 256 KB | Sidecar |
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| A500 | 1987 | 68000 | 7.09 | OCS | 512 KB | 256 KB | Edge connector |
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| A2000 | 1987 | 68000 | 7.14 | OCS/ECS | 512 KB–1 MB | 256/512 KB | Zorro II, ISA, CPU slot |
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| A500+ | 1991 | 68000 | 7.09 | ECS | 1 MB | 512 KB | Edge connector |
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| A600 | 1992 | 68000 | 7.09 | ECS | 1 MB | 512 KB | PCMCIA, IDE, trapdoor |
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| A3000 | 1990 | 68030 | 16/25 | ECS | 1 MB | 512 KB | Zorro III, ISA, SCSI |
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| A1200 | 1992 | 68020 | 14.18 | AGA | 2 MB | 512 KB | PCMCIA, IDE, trapdoor |
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| A4000 | 1992 | 68030/040 | 25 | AGA | 2 MB | 512 KB | Zorro III, IDE |
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| A4000T | 1994 | 68040/060 | 25 | AGA | 2 MB | 512 KB | Zorro III, SCSI |
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| CD32 | 1993 | 68020 | 14.18 | AGA | 2 MB | 512 KB | SX-1, CD-ROM |
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## CPU Feature Matrix
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| CPU | Bus | Address | I-Cache | D-Cache | MMU | FPU |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 68000 | 16-bit | 24-bit | — | — | — | External 68881 |
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| 68020 | 32-bit | 32-bit | 256 B direct | — | External 68851 | External 68881/2 |
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| 68030 | 32-bit | 32-bit | 256 B | 256 B | On-chip | External 68882 |
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| 68040 | 32-bit | 32-bit | 4 KB 4-way | 4 KB 4-way | On-chip | On-chip (partial) |
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| 68060 | 32-bit | 32-bit | 8 KB 4-way | 8 KB 4-way | On-chip | On-chip (partial) |
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> [!NOTE]
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> 68040 and 68060 have on-chip FPUs that omit transcendental instructions. AmigaOS provides `68040.library` and `68060.library` to trap the missing opcodes via Line-F emulation.
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## Kickstart ROM Sizes
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| OS Version | ROM Size | Part | Models |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| 1.2 / 1.3 | 256 KB | Single | A500, A2000 |
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| 2.04 | 512 KB | Single | A500+, A600, A3000 |
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| 3.0 / 3.1 | 512 KB | Single | A1200, A4000 |
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| 3.1 | 512 KB + 512 KB Ext | Pair | A4000 (with ext ROM) |
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## References
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- Commodore *A1200 Technical Reference Manual* — `Documentation/A1200/` local archive
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- Commodore *A4000 Technical Reference Manual* — `Documentation/A4000/` local archive
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- ADCD 2.1 Hardware Manual: http://amigadev.elowar.com/read/ADCD_2.1/Hardware_Manual_guide/node0000.html
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114
00_overview/history.md
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00_overview/history.md
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[← Home](../README.md) · [Overview](README.md)
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# Amiga History & Chipset Generations
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## Origins (1982–1985)
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The Amiga was designed by Jay Miner's team at Amiga Corporation (originally Hi-Toro), beginning in 1982 under the codename **Lorraine**. The primary design goal was a low-cost personal computer with dedicated custom silicon handling graphics, audio, and DMA — freeing the CPU for application code. Commodore Business Machines acquired Amiga Corporation in 1984, incorporating the technology into what would ship as the **Commodore Amiga 1000** in July 1985.
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The core insight was the **coprocessor paradigm**: three custom chips (Agnus, Denise, Paula) operate concurrently with the M68000, driven by a shared DMA bus arbitrated by Agnus. This allowed the Amiga to demonstrate colour animation, digitised speech, and multitasking simultaneously — capabilities competitors would not match for years.
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---
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## Chipset Generations
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### OCS — Original Chip Set (1985–1990)
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| Component | Part Numbers | Role |
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|---|---|---|
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| **Agnus** | MOS 8361 (PAL), 8367 (NTSC) | DMA controller, Copper, Blitter, address gen |
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| **Denise** | MOS 8362 | Display: sprites, bitplanes, colour decode |
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| **Paula** | MOS 8364 | Audio DMA (4 channels), disk I/O, serial I/O |
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Key characteristics:
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- **1 MB Chip RAM** maximum (512 KB in early A1000/A500 configs)
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- 6 bitplanes → 64 colours (EHB mode) or 4096 (HAM)
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- 8 hardware sprites (16px wide, 2bpp)
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- Copper coprocessor: 2 registers, WAIT/SKIP/MOVE instructions
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- Blitter: 3 source channels + destination, minterm logic, line mode
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Machines using OCS:
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- A1000 (1985) — first production Amiga
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- A500 (1987) — high-volume consumer model
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- A2000 (1987) — big-box, Zorro II expansion
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---
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### ECS — Enhanced Chip Set (1990–1992)
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| Component | Part Numbers | Role |
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|---|---|---|
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| **Super Agnus** | MOS 8372A | Agnus + 2 MB chip RAM addressing, BEAMCON0 |
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| **ECS Denise** | MOS 8373 | Denise + productivity modes, BPLCON3 |
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| **Paula** | MOS 8364 (unchanged) | Same as OCS |
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Key enhancements over OCS:
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- **2 MB Chip RAM** with Super Agnus (1 MB or 2 MB Agnus variants exist)
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- Productivity/multiscan display modes (VGA-compatible timing)
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- `BEAMCON0` register for programmable sync signals
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- `BPLCON3` for border blank, sprite control extensions
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- Super Agnus: larger copper/bitplane DMA window
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- Gary chip on A3000: bus controller, DMA, auto-config
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- **Gayle** chip on A600: IDE, PCMCIA interface, interrupt routing
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Machines using ECS:
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- A3000 (1990) — 68030, SCSI, ECS, Zorro III
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- A500+ (1991) — enhanced A500, 1 MB chip, ECS
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- A600 (1992) — compact, IDE disk, PCMCIA, Gayle
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---
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### AGA — Advanced Graphics Architecture (1992–1996)
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| Component | Part Numbers | Role |
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|---|---|---|
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| **Alice** | MOS 8374 | Super Agnus successor: 64-bit bus, FMODE |
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| **Lisa** | — | Denise successor: 8-bit palettes, chunky assist |
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| **Paula** | MOS 8364 (unchanged) | Same as OCS/ECS |
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Key enhancements over ECS:
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- **32-bit colour registers**: 24-bit palette (256 colours, HAM8)
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- **256 colour registers** (COLOR00–COLOR255)
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- HAM8 mode: 262,144 simultaneous colours
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- **64-bit blitter bus** via `FMODE` register (1x/2x/4x word transfers)
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- **BPLCON3 / BPLCON4**: sprite palette bank, bitplane bank select
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- **DIWHIGH**: extended display window for overscan
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- `FMODE`: configures DMA fetch width for blitter and bitplanes
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- **68030/040** CPUs with MMU and FPU
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- **Gayle** chip on A1200: IDE + PCMCIA (different pinout from A600)
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- **Ramsey** chip on A4000: 32-bit SIMM controller
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Machines using AGA:
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- A1200 (1992) — budget AGA: 68020, Gayle, PCMCIA
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- A4000 (1992) — premium AGA: 68030/040, IDE, Zorro III
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- A4000T (1994) — tower, SCSI, Zorro III
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- CD32 (1993) — game console, AGA, CD-ROM
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---
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## AmigaOS Version Timeline
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```mermaid
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timeline
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title AmigaOS Kickstart Timeline
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1985 : Kickstart 1.0 (A1000)
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1986 : Kickstart 1.1
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1987 : Kickstart 1.2 (33.180)
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1988 : Kickstart 1.3 (34.5) — most cloned
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1990 : Kickstart 2.0 (36.x) — new Shell, ASL, ReAction preview
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1991 : Kickstart 2.04 (37.175) — A500+ standard
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1992 : Kickstart 3.0 (39.x) — AGA support
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1993 : Kickstart 3.1 (40.x) — final Commodore release
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2002 : Kickstart 3.9 (Hyperion/Haage&Partner)
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2021 : Kickstart 3.2 (47.x) — Hyperion new-generation
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```
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---
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## Key References
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- **ADCD 2.1** — Amiga Developer CD, version 2.1 (OS 3.5 era): http://amigadev.elowar.com/read/ADCD_2.1/
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- **Hardware Reference Manual** (3rd ed.): `Hardware_Manual_guide/` on ADCD
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- **AmigaMail Vol. 2**: `AmigaMail_Vol2_guide/` on ADCD — developer newsletter with deep hardware/OS articles
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- Haynie, Dave — *Amiga Hardware Reference Manual* (Addison-Wesley, 1991, ISBN 0-201-56776-8)
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- Dewar, R. & Smosna, M. — *The Amiga User Interface Style Guide* (Addison-Wesley, 1992)
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00_overview/os_versions.md
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[← Home](../README.md) · [Overview](README.md)
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# AmigaOS Version Matrix — 3.1 vs 3.2
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> **Scope of this documentation:** OS 3.1 (Kickstart 40.x, Workbench 40.x) and OS 3.2 (Kickstart 47.x, Workbench 47.x).
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## Kickstart Version Numbers
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| OS Version | Kickstart Ver | Exec Ver | Release | Primary Platform |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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| OS 3.0 | 39.106 | 39.x | 1992 | A1200/A4000 launch |
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| **OS 3.1** | **40.068** | **40.x** | **1993** | **All AGA, final Commodore** |
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| OS 3.5 | 45.x | 45.x | 1999 | Hyperion/H&P, WB-only |
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| OS 3.9 | 45.x | 45.x | 2000 | Hyperion/H&P, WB-only |
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| **OS 3.2** | **47.96+** | **47.x** | **2021** | **Hyperion, all 68k** |
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| OS 3.2.2 | 47.102 | 47.x | 2022 | Hyperion |
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---
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## OS 3.1 Feature Summary (Kickstart 40.x)
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This is the final OS release by Commodore before their 1994 bankruptcy. It ships with all production AGA machines (A1200, A4000) and upgrade ROMs for A500/A2000/A3000.
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**Exec (40.x):**
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- Stable SysBase layout (unchanged since 2.x in most respects)
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- `PoolAllocMem` / `PoolFreeMem` — memory pools
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- `NewMinList()` macro
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- `GetCC()` — condition codes from last instruction
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**dos.library (40.x):**
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- `ReadArgs()` / `FreeArgs()` — template argument parsing
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- `CreateNewProc()` — new process creation API
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- `DosGetLocalVar()` / `DosSetLocalVar()` — local environment variables
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- `ChangeMode()` — shared/exclusive lock upgrade
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- `SameLock()` — lock identity comparison
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- `ExAll()` — extended directory examination
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**graphics.library (40.x):**
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- `AllocBitMap()` / `FreeBitMap()` — dynamic bitmap allocation
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- `GetBitMapAttr()` — bitmap attribute query
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- `ObtainBestPenA()` — closest-match colour allocation
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- `SetRPAttrsA()` / `GetRPAttrsA()` — RastPort attribute tags
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- AGA full colour support: `LoadRGB32()`, 256 colour tables
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- RTG stubs present but not functional (RTG lives in 3.5+)
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**intuition.library (40.x):**
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- BOOPSI completely stable
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- `OpenWindowTagList()` / `OpenScreenTagList()` — tag-based open calls
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- `GetScreenDrawInfo()` / `FreeScreenDrawInfo()`
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- `LockPubScreen()` / `UnlockPubScreen()`
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- `NewModifyProp()` — proportional gadget update
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**locale.library (40.x):**
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- Complete locale/catalog system
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- `OpenCatalogA()` / `GetCatalogStr()`
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**New in 3.1 vs 3.0:**
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- `datatypes.library` — class-based data-type system
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- Multiview application (uses datatypes)
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- `asl.library` — enhanced requesters vs `req.library`
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- PCMCIA card resource (`cardres`)
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---
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## OS 3.2 Delta — What Changed (Kickstart 47.x)
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OS 3.2 is a Hyperion-developed modernisation of the 3.1 codebase, first released in 2021.
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### Exec (47.x)
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- `AllocSysObject()` / `FreeSysObject()` — unified object allocator
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- Replaces manual `AllocMem` + init for ports, tasks, IORequests, semaphores
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- `NewCreateTask()` — extended task creation with tags
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- `IExec->` interface style (for future AOS4 parity — not mandatory on 68k)
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- Improved memory tracking and debug support
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### dos.library (47.x)
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- `BPTR`-free variants of many path functions
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- Enhanced `ReadArgs()` template syntax
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- `Examine()` extended: `ExamineTags()` returning `ExamineData` structs
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- DOS path handling improvements (up to 1024-char paths)
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- `AddDosEntry()` / `RemDosEntry()` refined
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### graphics.library (47.x)
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- Compositing system (alpha blending between screens)
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- `CompositeTags()` — hardware-assisted screen composition
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- Improved RTG (RastPort to VRAM) support via `cybergraphics.library` integration points
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- `AllocSpriteDataA()` extended for RTG sprites
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- Palette handling improvements
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### intuition.library (47.x)
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- New Intuition prefs (IPrefs 47.x)
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- Better pen sharing and colour management
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- `intuition.library` opens before `graphics.library` in new boot sequence
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- Visual prefs: themes, scaled UI elements
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### New Libraries in 3.2
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| Library | Purpose |
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| `disksonar.library` | Fast disk scanning |
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| `application.library` | Application registration, task-bar |
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| `timezone.library` | Timezone database |
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| `identify.library` | Hardware identification |
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### AHI Changes (3.2)
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- AHI (Audio Hardware Interface) integrated as standard component
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- `ahi.device` replaces direct `audio.device` use in 3.2 applications
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---
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## Cross-Version API Compatibility Table
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| Function | 3.1 (40) | 3.2 (47) | Notes |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| `AllocMem` | ✓ | ✓ | Unchanged |
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| `AllocSysObject` | ✗ | ✓ | New in 3.2 |
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| `OpenLibrary` | ✓ | ✓ | Unchanged |
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| `AllocBitMap` | ✓ | ✓ | Extended in 3.2 |
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| `CompositeTags` | ✗ | ✓ | New in 3.2 |
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| `ExamineTags` | ✗ | ✓ | New in 3.2 |
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| `CreateNewProc` | ✓ | ✓ | Extended |
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| `NewCreateTask` | ✗ | ✓ | New in 3.2 |
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| `OpenCatalogA` | ✓ | ✓ | Unchanged |
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---
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## Version Detection in Code
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```c
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/* Check for OS 3.2+ at runtime */
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struct Library *SysBase = *((struct Library **)4);
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if (SysBase->lib_Version >= 47) {
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/* OS 3.2 features available */
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}
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/* Check for OS 3.1+ */
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if (SysBase->lib_Version >= 40) {
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/* AllocBitMap, datatypes etc available */
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}
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```
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---
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## References
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- NDK 3.9: `NDK39.lha` — headers define version-gated macros
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- ADCD 2.1: `AmigaMail_Vol2_guide/` — release notes per OS version
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- Hyperion OS 3.2 SDK: https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
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- `exec/execbase.h` — `AttnFlags` bits for CPU detection
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